At first glance, this might seem simply to be a speculative question under conditions that do not currently exist; however, like Robinson Crusoe, the Garden of Eden helps us clarify the meaning of scarcity. What would be true under conditions of perfection and superabundance? Does superabundance really mean the literal absence of scarcity? Would scarcity really not exist? How exactly do we define scarcity?
Further, scarcity, superabundance, and Edenic conditions are also important concepts to clarify because many claim that they have some solution to unlock Eden, almost inevitably via the state or the abandonment of economic laws.
Literal Scarcity—Space-Time
In another article, Hoppe writes, “Note that even in the Garden of Eden, a person’s body, the space occupied by that body, and time would still be scarce and to that extent political economy and philosophy would still have a task, however limited, to fulfill.”
Furthermore, there arguably would still be scarcity of knowledge. Being limited, humans were still not omniscient. Even if free from error, man would still have to learn. No human would possess infinite knowledge.
Scarcity and Superabundance
Murray Rothbard writes, “Greed will continue until the Garden of Eden arrives, when everything is superabundant, and we don’t have to worry about economics at all. We haven’t of course reached that point yet.”
While there are literal time-space limits, sometimes a good is so superabundant that it is no longer considered an economic good, but rather a general condition of economic welfare. The classic example of this is breathing air. Rothbard explains, “It is obvious that there is a scarcity of this consumers’ good [a sandwich] as there is for all direct means; otherwise it would always be available, like air, and would not be the object of action.”
Does superabundance mean that there is no scarcity?
To demonstrate the reality of literal scarcity, even amid superabundance, I ask, why can’t all people live on private islands or beachfront property? But the truth depends upon how much land there is and how many people there are. Yes, there is a fixed amount of literal land, but if there are only three people on earth then land is effectively not scarce as far as those individuals are concerned. In this sense, the Israelites were promised “a land where you will eat food without scarcity, in which you will not lack anything” (Deuteronomy 8:9). Again, Hoppe seems to identify Edenic superabundance as lack of scarcity:
Edenic Pretensions
Many economists believe that the Garden of Eden is possible now, but that beliefs in scarcity, private property, and free markets prevent accessing this superabundant world. Some Christian economists apparently even think that it is our belief in scarcity which causes scarcity. Economics deals with the economic reality of scarcity so misunderstanding it or attempting to deny it leads to disaster.
Policy prescriptions that promise access to “Eden,” unrealized superabundance, or postscarcity almost always inevitably look to the secular political state as the solution, pretending scarcity does not exist. Ironically, the more scarcity is misunderstood and denied, the more intensely scarcity is experienced. Perhaps that is part of the curse. In the words of Ludwig von Mises,
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